<?php

/**
 * NamecheapRegistrarApi
 */
if(!class_exists('NamecheapRegistrarApi')){
    class NamecheapRegistrarApi
    {
        public static $url = "https://api.namecheap.com/xml.response";
        public static $testUrl = "https://api.sandbox.namecheap.com/xml.response";

        private static $_phoneCountryCodes = array(
            1, 7, 20, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60,
            61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 81, 82, 84, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 212, 213, 216, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226,
            227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249,
            250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 290, 291, 297,
            298, 299, 340, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
            380, 381, 382, 385, 386, 387, 389, 420, 421, 423, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 590, 591,
            592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 618, 670, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683,
            684, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 850, 852, 853, 855, 856, 872, 880, 886, 960, 961, 962, 963, 965, 966,
            967, 968, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 998
        );

        private $_apiUser;
        private $_apiKey;

        private $_testMode = true;

        private $_requestUrl;
        private $_requestParams;
        private $_response;

        public function  __construct($apiUser, $apiKey, $testMode = true)
        {
            $this->_apiUser = $apiUser;
            $this->_apiKey  = $apiKey;

            $this->setTestMode($testMode);
        }

        /**
         * getLastUrl
         * @return string
         */
        public function getLastUrl() {
            return $this->_requestUrl;
        }

        /**
         * getLastParams
         * @return string
         */
        public function getLastParams() {
            return $this->_requestParams;
        }

        /**
         * getLastResponse
         * @return string
         */
        public function getLastResponse() {
            return $this->_response;
        }

        /**
         * Parse the response into an array.
         *
         * @throws NamecheapRegistrarApiException
         *
         * @param string $response
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function parseResponse($response)
        {
            if (false === ($xml = simplexml_load_string($response))) {
                throw new NamecheapRegistrarApiException("Unable to parse response");
            }
            $result = $this->_xml2Array($xml);
            if ("ERROR" == $result['@attributes']['Status']) {
                $errors = isset($result['Errors']['Error'][0]) ? $result['Errors']['Error'] : array($result['Errors']['Error']);


                $msg = '';
                //$err = $errors[count($errors) - 1];

                foreach ($errors as $err){
                    $err_msg = sprintf("[%s] %s", $err['@attributes']['Number'], $err['@value']) ;
                    $msg .= $err_msg;
                }

                //throw new NamecheapRegistrarApiException($err_msg, $err['@attributes']['Number']);
                throw new NamecheapRegistrarApiException($msg, $err['@attributes']['Number']);
            }
            return $result['CommandResponse'];
        }

        /**
         * Send the request to the API
         *
         * @throws NamecheapRegistrarApiException
         *
         * @param string $command
         * @param array $params
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function request($command, array $params)
        {
            $this->_requestUrl = $this->_getApiUrl($command, $params);
            $this->_requestParams = $this->_getApiParams($command, $params);

            $curl_error = false;
            if (extension_loaded("curl") && ($ch = curl_init()) !== false)
            {
                curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $this->_requestUrl);
                curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT, 1);
                // we set peer verification of namecheap server to false - else the process will fail
                // if the host server doesn't have an accurate ca bundle.
                // can turn this on, when you place an up to date ca bundle at your host server.
                curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0);
                curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
                curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
                curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
                $this->_response = curl_exec($ch);
                $curl_error = curl_error($ch);

                curl_close($ch);
            }

            // if we didn't get a response from curl, or curl had encountered an error, do it through fsockopen.
            if (!$this->_response || $curl_error) {
                $this->_response = @file_get_contents($this->_requestUrl);
            }


            if (function_exists('logModuleCall'))
            {
                $logRequestParams = $this->_requestParams;
                logModuleCall(
                    'namecheap',
                    $command,
                    $logRequestParams,
                    $this->_response . "\n" . $curl_error,
                    $this->_response . "\n" . $curl_error,
                    array($logRequestParams['ApiKey'])
                );
            }

            if (!$this->_response) {
                throw new NamecheapRegistrarApiException($curl_error ? $curl_error : "Unable to request data from " . $this->_requestUrl);
            }

            return $this->_response;
        }

        /**
         * setTestMode
         * @param boolean $flag
         */
        public function setTestMode($flag)
        {
            $this->_testMode = (bool)$flag;
        }

        // private methods

        /**
         * formatPhone
         * @throws Exception
         *
         * @param $phone
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        private function _formatPhone($phone)
        {
            /**
             * Namecheap API phone format requirement is +NNN.NNNNNNNNNN
             */

            // strip all non-digit characters
            $phone = preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $phone);

            // check country code
            $phone_code = "";
            foreach (self::$_phoneCountryCodes as $v) {
                if (preg_match("/^$v\d+$/", $phone)) {
                    $phone_code = $v;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!$phone_code) {
                throw new Exception("Invalid phone number or phone country code: $phone");
            }
            // add '+' and dot to result phone number
            $phone = preg_replace("/^$phone_code/", "+{$phone_code}.", $phone);
            return $phone;
        }


        /**
         * _getApiParams
         * @param string $command
         * @param array $params
         * @return array
         */
        private function _getApiParams($command, array $params)
        {

            $params['Command'] = $command;
            $params['ApiUser'] = $this->_apiUser;
            $params['ApiKey']  = $this->_apiKey;

            if (!array_key_exists('UserName', $params) || !strlen($params['UserName'])) {
                $params['UserName'] = $params['ApiUser'];
            }
            if (!array_key_exists('ClientIp', $params)) {
                $params['ClientIp'] = $this->_getClientIp();
            }


            // format phone/fax fields
            foreach ($params as $k => &$v) {
                if (preg_match('/(Phone|Fax)/i', $k)) {
                    $v = trim($v);
                    if(!empty($v)){
                        $v = $this->_formatPhone($v);
                    }
                }
            }

            // force EPPCode to be base64 encoded
            if (array_key_exists('EPPCode', $params)) {
                $params['EPPCode'] = htmlspecialchars_decode($params['EPPCode'], ENT_QUOTES);
                $params['EPPCode'] = "base64:" . base64_encode($params['EPPCode']);
            }
            return $params;
        }


        public function parseResultSyncHelper($items, $domainNameKey = "DomainName")
        {
            $result = array();

            if (isset($items['@attributes'])) {
                // single result was returned
                $attr = $items['@attributes'];
                $result[strtolower($attr[$domainNameKey])] = $attr;
            } else {
                // multiple results - iterate through those
                foreach ($items as $item) {
                    $attr = $item['@attributes'];
                    $result[strtolower($attr[$domainNameKey])] = $attr;
                }
            }

            return $result;
        }


        /**
         * _getApiUrl
         * @param string $command
         * @param array $params
         * @return string
         */
        private function _getApiUrl($command, array $params)
        {
            return ($this->_testMode ? self::$testUrl : self::$url) . '?' . http_build_query($this->_getApiParams($command, $params),'','&');
        }

        /**
         * _getClientIp
         * @return string
         */
        private function _getClientIp()
        {
            $ipAddress = App::getRemoteIp();
            $clientIp = "10.11.12.13";
            if (filter_var($ipAddress, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV4) !== false) {
                $clientIp = $ipAddress;
            }
            return $clientIp;
        }

        /**
         * _xml2Array
         * @throws NamecheapRegistrarApiException
         *
         * @param $xml
         *
         * @return array|string
         */
        private function _xml2Array($xml)
        {
            if (!($xml instanceof SimpleXMLElement)) {
                throw new NamecheapRegistrarApiException("Not a SimpleXMLElement object");
            }
            $result = array();
            foreach ($xml->attributes() as $attrName => $attr) {
                $result['@attributes'][$attrName] = (string)$attr;
            }
            foreach ($xml->children() as $childName => $child) {
                if (array_key_exists($childName, $result)) {
                    if (!is_array($result[$childName]) || !isset($result[$childName][1])) {
                        $result[$childName] = array($result[$childName]);
                    }
                    $result[$childName][] = $this->_xml2Array($child);
                } else {
                    $result[$childName] = $this->_xml2Array($child);
                }
            }
            $value = trim((string)$xml);
            if (array_keys($result)) {
                if ($value) {
                    $result['@value'] = $value;
                }
            } else {
                $result = $value;
            }
            return $result;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * NamecheapRegistrarApiException
 */
if(!class_exists('NamecheapRegistrarApiException')){
    class NamecheapRegistrarApiException extends Exception {}
}

if(!class_exists('NamecheapRegistrarIDNA')){
    class NamecheapRegistrarIDNA {

        private static $_codeList = array(
            'Afrikaans' => 'afr',
            'Albanian' => 'alb',
            'Arabic' => 'ara',
            'Aragonese' => 'arg',
            'Armenian' => 'arm',
            'Assamese' => 'asm',
            'Asturian' => 'ast',
            'Avestan' => 'ave',
            'Awadhi' => 'awa',
            'Azerbaijani' => 'aze',
            'Balinese' => 'ban',
            'Baluchi' => 'bal',
            'Basa' => 'bas',
            'Bashkir' => 'bak',
            'Basque' => 'baq',
            'Belarusian' => 'bel',
            'Bengali' => 'ben',
            'Bhojpuri' => 'bho',
            'Bosnian' => 'bos',
            'Bulgarian' => 'bul',
            'Burmese' => 'bur',
            'Carib' => 'car',
            'Catalan' => 'cat',
            'Chechen' => 'che',
            'Chinese' => 'chi',
            'Chuvash' => 'chv',
            'Coptic' => 'cop',
            'Corsican' => 'cos',
            'Croatian' => 'scr',
            'Czech' => 'cze',
            'Danish' => 'dan',
            'Divehi' => 'div',
            'Dogri' => 'doi',
            'Dutch' => 'dut',
            'English' => 'eng',
            'Estonian' => 'est',
            'Faroese' => 'fao',
            'Fijian' => 'fij',
            'Finnish' => 'fin',
            'French' => 'fre',
            'Frisian' => 'fry',
            'Gaelic' => 'gla',
            'Georgian' => 'geo',
            'German' => 'ger',
            'Gondi' => 'gon',
            'Greek' => 'gre',
            'Gujarati' => 'guj',
            'Hebrew' => 'heb',
            'Hindi' => 'hin',
            'Hungarian' => 'hun',
            'Icelandic' => 'ice',
            'Indic' => 'inc',
            'Indonesian' => 'ind',
            'Ingush' => 'inh',
            'Irish' => 'gle',
            'Italian' => 'ita',
            'Japanese' => 'jpn',
            'Javanese' => 'jav',
            'Kashmiri' => 'kas',
            'Kazakh' => 'kaz',
            'Khmer' => 'khm',
            'Kirghiz' => 'kir',
            'Korean' => 'kor',
            'Kurdish' => 'kur',
            'Lao' => 'lao',
            'Latvian' => 'lav',
            'Lithuanian' => 'lit',
            'Luxembourgish' => 'ltz',
            'Macedonian' => 'mac',
            'Malay' => 'may',
            'Malayalam' => 'mal',
            'Maltese' => 'mlt',
            'Maori' => 'mao',
            'Moldavian' => 'mol',
            'Mongolian' => 'mon',
            'Nepali' => 'nep',
            'Norwegian' => 'nor',
            'Oriya' => 'ori',
            'Ossetian' => 'oss',
            'Panjabi' => 'pan',
            'Persian' => 'per',
            'Polish' => 'pol',
            'Portuguese' => 'por',
            'Pushto' => 'pus',
            'Rajasthani' => 'raj',
            'Romanian' => 'rum',
            'Russian' => 'rus',
            'Samoan' => 'smo',
            'Sanskrit' => 'san',
            'Sardinian' => 'srd',
            'Serbian' => 'scc',
            'Sindhi' => 'snd',
            'Sinhalese' => 'sin',
            'Slovak' => 'slo',
            'Slovenian' => 'slv',
            'Somali' => 'som',
            'Spanish' => 'spa',
            'Swahili' => 'swa',
            'Swedish' => 'swe',
            'Syriac' => 'syr',
            'Tajik' => 'tgk',
            'Tamil' => 'tam',
            'Telugu' => 'tel',
            'Thai' => 'tha',
            'Tibetan' => 'tib',
            'Turkish' => 'tur',
            'Ukrainian' => 'ukr',
            'Urdu' => 'urd',
            'Uzbek' => 'uzb',
            'Vietnamese' => 'vie',
            'Welsh' => 'wel',
            'Yiddish' => 'yid'
        );
        private static $_tldList = array('com', 'net');
        private static $_defaultIdnCode = 'eng';
        private $_sld;
        private $_tld;

        private $_sldWasEncoded = false;
        private $_tldInList = false;
        private $_encodedSld;

        public function __construct($sld, $tld) {
            $this->_sld = $sld;
            $this->_tld = $tld;

            if (in_array($tld, self::$_tldList)) {

                $this->_tldInList = true;

                $idna2 = new Net_IDNA2();
                try{
                    $this->_encodedSld = $idna2->encode($sld);
                }catch(Exception $e){
                    $this->_encodedSld=$sld;
                }
                if ($sld != $this->_encodedSld) {
                    $this->_sldWasEncoded = true;
                }
            } else {
                $this->_encodedSld = $sld;
            }

            return $this;
        }

        public function getIdnCode($param){
            return !empty(self::$_codeList[$param]) ? self::$_codeList[$param] : self::$_defaultIdnCode;
        }

        public function sldWasEncoded(){
            return $this->_sldWasEncoded;
        }

        public function getEncodedSld(){
            return $this->_encodedSld;
        }

        public function getCodeOptions(){
            return self::$_codeList;
        }

        public function getTldList(){
            return self::$_tldList;
        }

    }
}

/**
 * Encode/decode Internationalized Domain Names.
 *
 * The class allows to convert internationalized domain names
 * (see RFC 3490 for details) as they can be used with various registries worldwide
 * to be translated between their original (localized) form and their encoded form
 * as it will be used in the DNS (Domain Name System).
 *
 * The class provides two public methods, encode() and decode(), which do exactly
 * what you would expect them to do. You are allowed to use complete domain names,
 * simple strings and complete email addresses as well. That means, that you might
 * use any of the following notations:
 *
 * - www.n�rgler.com
 * - xn--nrgler-wxa
 * - xn--brse-5qa.xn--knrz-1ra.info
 *
 * Unicode input might be given as either UTF-8 string, UCS-4 string or UCS-4
 * array. Unicode output is available in the same formats.
 * You can select your preferred format via {@link set_paramter()}.
 *
 * ACE input and output is always expected to be ASCII.
 *
 * @package Net
 * @author  Markus Nix <mnix@docuverse.de>
 * @author  Matthias Sommerfeld <mso@phlylabs.de>
 * @author  Stefan Neufeind <pear.neufeind@speedpartner.de>
 * @version $Id: IDNA2.php 305344 2010-11-14 23:52:42Z neufeind $
 */
if (!class_exists('Net_IDNA2')) {
    class Net_IDNA2 {

        // {{{ npdata
        /**
         * These Unicode codepoints are
         * mapped to nothing, See RFC3454 for details
         *
         * @static
         * @var array
         * @access private
         */
        private static $_np_map_nothing = array(
            0xAD,
            0x34F,
            0x1806,
            0x180B,
            0x180C,
            0x180D,
            0x200B,
            0x200C,
            0x200D,
            0x2060,
            0xFE00,
            0xFE01,
            0xFE02,
            0xFE03,
            0xFE04,
            0xFE05,
            0xFE06,
            0xFE07,
            0xFE08,
            0xFE09,
            0xFE0A,
            0xFE0B,
            0xFE0C,
            0xFE0D,
            0xFE0E,
            0xFE0F,
            0xFEFF
        );

        /**
         * Prohibited codepints
         *
         * @static
         * @var array
         * @access private
         */
        private static $_general_prohibited = array(
            0,
            1,
            2,
            3,
            4,
            5,
            6,
            7,
            8,
            9,
            0xA,
            0xB,
            0xC,
            0xD,
            0xE,
            0xF,
            0x10,
            0x11,
            0x12,
            0x13,
            0x14,
            0x15,
            0x16,
            0x17,
            0x18,
            0x19,
            0x1A,
            0x1B,
            0x1C,
            0x1D,
            0x1E,
            0x1F,
            0x20,
            0x21,
            0x22,
            0x23,
            0x24,
            0x25,
            0x26,
            0x27,
            0x28,
            0x29,
            0x2A,
            0x2B,
            0x2C,
            0x2F,
            0x3B,
            0x3C,
            0x3D,
            0x3E,
            0x3F,
            0x40,
            0x5B,
            0x5C,
            0x5D,
            0x5E,
            0x5F,
            0x60,
            0x7B,
            0x7C,
            0x7D,
            0x7E,
            0x7F,
            0x3002
        );

        /**
         * Codepints prohibited by Nameprep
         * @static
         * @var array
         * @access private
         */
        private static $_np_prohibit = array(
            0xA0,
            0x1680,
            0x2000,
            0x2001,
            0x2002,
            0x2003,
            0x2004,
            0x2005,
            0x2006,
            0x2007,
            0x2008,
            0x2009,
            0x200A,
            0x200B,
            0x202F,
            0x205F,
            0x3000,
            0x6DD,
            0x70F,
            0x180E,
            0x200C,
            0x200D,
            0x2028,
            0x2029,
            0xFEFF,
            0xFFF9,
            0xFFFA,
            0xFFFB,
            0xFFFC,
            0xFFFE,
            0xFFFF,
            0x1FFFE,
            0x1FFFF,
            0x2FFFE,
            0x2FFFF,
            0x3FFFE,
            0x3FFFF,
            0x4FFFE,
            0x4FFFF,
            0x5FFFE,
            0x5FFFF,
            0x6FFFE,
            0x6FFFF,
            0x7FFFE,
            0x7FFFF,
            0x8FFFE,
            0x8FFFF,
            0x9FFFE,
            0x9FFFF,
            0xAFFFE,
            0xAFFFF,
            0xBFFFE,
            0xBFFFF,
            0xCFFFE,
            0xCFFFF,
            0xDFFFE,
            0xDFFFF,
            0xEFFFE,
            0xEFFFF,
            0xFFFFE,
            0xFFFFF,
            0x10FFFE,
            0x10FFFF,
            0xFFF9,
            0xFFFA,
            0xFFFB,
            0xFFFC,
            0xFFFD,
            0x340,
            0x341,
            0x200E,
            0x200F,
            0x202A,
            0x202B,
            0x202C,
            0x202D,
            0x202E,
            0x206A,
            0x206B,
            0x206C,
            0x206D,
            0x206E,
            0x206F,
            0xE0001
        );

        /**
         * Codepoint ranges prohibited by nameprep
         *
         * @static
         * @var array
         * @access private
         */
        private static $_np_prohibit_ranges = array(
            array(0x80, 0x9F),
            array(0x2060, 0x206F),
            array(0x1D173, 0x1D17A),
            array(0xE000, 0xF8FF),
            array(0xF0000, 0xFFFFD),
            array(0x100000, 0x10FFFD),
            array(0xFDD0, 0xFDEF),
            array(0xD800, 0xDFFF),
            array(0x2FF0, 0x2FFB),
            array(0xE0020, 0xE007F)
        );

        /**
         * Replacement mappings (casemapping, replacement sequences, ...)
         *
         * @static
         * @var array
         * @access private
         */
        private static $_np_replacemaps = array(
            0x41 => array(0x61),
            0x42 => array(0x62),
            0x43 => array(0x63),
            0x44 => array(0x64),
            0x45 => array(0x65),
            0x46 => array(0x66),
            0x47 => array(0x67),
            0x48 => array(0x68),
            0x49 => array(0x69),
            0x4A => array(0x6A),
            0x4B => array(0x6B),
            0x4C => array(0x6C),
            0x4D => array(0x6D),
            0x4E => array(0x6E),
            0x4F => array(0x6F),
            0x50 => array(0x70),
            0x51 => array(0x71),
            0x52 => array(0x72),
            0x53 => array(0x73),
            0x54 => array(0x74),
            0x55 => array(0x75),
            0x56 => array(0x76),
            0x57 => array(0x77),
            0x58 => array(0x78),
            0x59 => array(0x79),
            0x5A => array(0x7A),
            0xB5 => array(0x3BC),
            0xC0 => array(0xE0),
            0xC1 => array(0xE1),
            0xC2 => array(0xE2),
            0xC3 => array(0xE3),
            0xC4 => array(0xE4),
            0xC5 => array(0xE5),
            0xC6 => array(0xE6),
            0xC7 => array(0xE7),
            0xC8 => array(0xE8),
            0xC9 => array(0xE9),
            0xCA => array(0xEA),
            0xCB => array(0xEB),
            0xCC => array(0xEC),
            0xCD => array(0xED),
            0xCE => array(0xEE),
            0xCF => array(0xEF),
            0xD0 => array(0xF0),
            0xD1 => array(0xF1),
            0xD2 => array(0xF2),
            0xD3 => array(0xF3),
            0xD4 => array(0xF4),
            0xD5 => array(0xF5),
            0xD6 => array(0xF6),
            0xD8 => array(0xF8),
            0xD9 => array(0xF9),
            0xDA => array(0xFA),
            0xDB => array(0xFB),
            0xDC => array(0xFC),
            0xDD => array(0xFD),
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            0x1F1A => array(0x1F12),
            0x1F1B => array(0x1F13),
            0x1F1C => array(0x1F14),
            0x1F1D => array(0x1F15),
            0x1F28 => array(0x1F20),
            0x1F29 => array(0x1F21),
            0x1F2A => array(0x1F22),
            0x1F2B => array(0x1F23),
            0x1F2C => array(0x1F24),
            0x1F2D => array(0x1F25),
            0x1F2E => array(0x1F26),
            0x1F2F => array(0x1F27),
            0x1F38 => array(0x1F30),
            0x1F39 => array(0x1F31),
            0x1F3A => array(0x1F32),
            0x1F3B => array(0x1F33),
            0x1F3C => array(0x1F34),
            0x1F3D => array(0x1F35),
            0x1F3E => array(0x1F36),
            0x1F3F => array(0x1F37),
            0x1F48 => array(0x1F40),
            0x1F49 => array(0x1F41),
            0x1F4A => array(0x1F42),
            0x1F4B => array(0x1F43),
            0x1F4C => array(0x1F44),
            0x1F4D => array(0x1F45),
            0x1F50 => array(0x3C5, 0x313),
            0x1F52 => array(0x3C5, 0x313, 0x300),
            0x1F54 => array(0x3C5, 0x313, 0x301),
            0x1F56 => array(0x3C5, 0x313, 0x342),
            0x1F59 => array(0x1F51),
            0x1F5B => array(0x1F53),
            0x1F5D => array(0x1F55),
            0x1F5F => array(0x1F57),
            0x1F68 => array(0x1F60),
            0x1F69 => array(0x1F61),
            0x1F6A => array(0x1F62),
            0x1F6B => array(0x1F63),
            0x1F6C => array(0x1F64),
            0x1F6D => array(0x1F65),
            0x1F6E => array(0x1F66),
            0x1F6F => array(0x1F67),
            0x1F80 => array(0x1F00, 0x3B9),
            0x1F81 => array(0x1F01, 0x3B9),
            0x1F82 => array(0x1F02, 0x3B9),
            0x1F83 => array(0x1F03, 0x3B9),
            0x1F84 => array(0x1F04, 0x3B9),
            0x1F85 => array(0x1F05, 0x3B9),
            0x1F86 => array(0x1F06, 0x3B9),
            0x1F87 => array(0x1F07, 0x3B9),
            0x1F88 => array(0x1F00, 0x3B9),
            0x1F89 => array(0x1F01, 0x3B9),
            0x1F8A => array(0x1F02, 0x3B9),
            0x1F8B => array(0x1F03, 0x3B9),
            0x1F8C => array(0x1F04, 0x3B9),
            0x1F8D => array(0x1F05, 0x3B9),
            0x1F8E => array(0x1F06, 0x3B9),
            0x1F8F => array(0x1F07, 0x3B9),
            0x1F90 => array(0x1F20, 0x3B9),
            0x1F91 => array(0x1F21, 0x3B9),
            0x1F92 => array(0x1F22, 0x3B9),
            0x1F93 => array(0x1F23, 0x3B9),
            0x1F94 => array(0x1F24, 0x3B9),
            0x1F95 => array(0x1F25, 0x3B9),
            0x1F96 => array(0x1F26, 0x3B9),
            0x1F97 => array(0x1F27, 0x3B9),
            0x1F98 => array(0x1F20, 0x3B9),
            0x1F99 => array(0x1F21, 0x3B9),
            0x1F9A => array(0x1F22, 0x3B9),
            0x1F9B => array(0x1F23, 0x3B9),
            0x1F9C => array(0x1F24, 0x3B9),
            0x1F9D => array(0x1F25, 0x3B9),
            0x1F9E => array(0x1F26, 0x3B9),
            0x1F9F => array(0x1F27, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA0 => array(0x1F60, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA1 => array(0x1F61, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA2 => array(0x1F62, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA3 => array(0x1F63, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA4 => array(0x1F64, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA5 => array(0x1F65, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA6 => array(0x1F66, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA7 => array(0x1F67, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA8 => array(0x1F60, 0x3B9),
            0x1FA9 => array(0x1F61, 0x3B9),
            0x1FAA => array(0x1F62, 0x3B9),
            0x1FAB => array(0x1F63, 0x3B9),
            0x1FAC => array(0x1F64, 0x3B9),
            0x1FAD => array(0x1F65, 0x3B9),
            0x1FAE => array(0x1F66, 0x3B9),
            0x1FAF => array(0x1F67, 0x3B9),
            0x1FB2 => array(0x1F70, 0x3B9),
            0x1FB3 => array(0x3B1, 0x3B9),
            0x1FB4 => array(0x3AC, 0x3B9),
            0x1FB6 => array(0x3B1, 0x342),
            0x1FB7 => array(0x3B1, 0x342, 0x3B9),
            0x1FB8 => array(0x1FB0),
            0x1FB9 => array(0x1FB1),
            0x1FBA => array(0x1F70),
            0x1FBB => array(0x1F71),
            0x1FBC => array(0x3B1, 0x3B9),
            0x1FBE => array(0x3B9),
            0x1FC2 => array(0x1F74, 0x3B9),
            0x1FC3 => array(0x3B7, 0x3B9),
            0x1FC4 => array(0x3AE, 0x3B9),
            0x1FC6 => array(0x3B7, 0x342),
            0x1FC7 => array(0x3B7, 0x342, 0x3B9),
            0x1FC8 => array(0x1F72),
            0x1FC9 => array(0x1F73),
            0x1FCA => array(0x1F74),
            0x1FCB => array(0x1F75),
            0x1FCC => array(0x3B7, 0x3B9),
            0x1FD2 => array(0x3B9, 0x308, 0x300),
            0x1FD3 => array(0x3B9, 0x308, 0x301),
            0x1FD6 => array(0x3B9, 0x342),
            0x1FD7 => array(0x3B9, 0x308, 0x342),
            0x1FD8 => array(0x1FD0),
            0x1FD9 => array(0x1FD1),
            0x1FDA => array(0x1F76),
            0x1FDB => array(0x1F77),
            0x1FE2 => array(0x3C5, 0x308, 0x300),
            0x1FE3 => array(0x3C5, 0x308, 0x301),
            0x1FE4 => array(0x3C1, 0x313),
            0x1FE6 => array(0x3C5, 0x342),
            0x1FE7 => array(0x3C5, 0x308, 0x342),
            0x1FE8 => array(0x1FE0),
            0x1FE9 => array(0x1FE1),
            0x1FEA => array(0x1F7A),
            0x1FEB => array(0x1F7B),
            0x1FEC => array(0x1FE5),
            0x1FF2 => array(0x1F7C, 0x3B9),
            0x1FF3 => array(0x3C9, 0x3B9),
            0x1FF4 => array(0x3CE, 0x3B9),
            0x1FF6 => array(0x3C9, 0x342),
            0x1FF7 => array(0x3C9, 0x342, 0x3B9),
            0x1FF8 => array(0x1F78),
            0x1FF9 => array(0x1F79),
            0x1FFA => array(0x1F7C),
            0x1FFB => array(0x1F7D),
            0x1FFC => array(0x3C9, 0x3B9),
            0x20A8 => array(0x72, 0x73),
            0x2102 => array(0x63),
            0x2103 => array(0xB0, 0x63),
            0x2107 => array(0x25B),
            0x2109 => array(0xB0, 0x66),
            0x210B => array(0x68),
            0x210C => array(0x68),
            0x210D => array(0x68),
            0x2110 => array(0x69),
            0x2111 => array(0x69),
            0x2112 => array(0x6C),
            0x2115 => array(0x6E),
            0x2116 => array(0x6E, 0x6F),
            0x2119 => array(0x70),
            0x211A => array(0x71),
            0x211B => array(0x72),
            0x211C => array(0x72),
            0x211D => array(0x72),
            0x2120 => array(0x73, 0x6D),
            0x2121 => array(0x74, 0x65, 0x6C),
            0x2122 => array(0x74, 0x6D),
            0x2124 => array(0x7A),
            0x2126 => array(0x3C9),
            0x2128 => array(0x7A),
            0x212A => array(0x6B),
            0x212B => array(0xE5),
            0x212C => array(0x62),
            0x212D => array(0x63),
            0x2130 => array(0x65),
            0x2131 => array(0x66),
            0x2133 => array(0x6D),
            0x213E => array(0x3B3),
            0x213F => array(0x3C0),
            0x2145 => array(0x64),
            0x2160 => array(0x2170),
            0x2161 => array(0x2171),
            0x2162 => array(0x2172),
            0x2163 => array(0x2173),
            0x2164 => array(0x2174),
            0x2165 => array(0x2175),
            0x2166 => array(0x2176),
            0x2167 => array(0x2177),
            0x2168 => array(0x2178),
            0x2169 => array(0x2179),
            0x216A => array(0x217A),
            0x216B => array(0x217B),
            0x216C => array(0x217C),
            0x216D => array(0x217D),
            0x216E => array(0x217E),
            0x216F => array(0x217F),
            0x24B6 => array(0x24D0),
            0x24B7 => array(0x24D1),
            0x24B8 => array(0x24D2),
            0x24B9 => array(0x24D3),
            0x24BA => array(0x24D4),
            0x24BB => array(0x24D5),
            0x24BC => array(0x24D6),
            0x24BD => array(0x24D7),
            0x24BE => array(0x24D8),
            0x24BF => array(0x24D9),
            0x24C0 => array(0x24DA),
            0x24C1 => array(0x24DB),
            0x24C2 => array(0x24DC),
            0x24C3 => array(0x24DD),
            0x24C4 => array(0x24DE),
            0x24C5 => array(0x24DF),
            0x24C6 => array(0x24E0),
            0x24C7 => array(0x24E1),
            0x24C8 => array(0x24E2),
            0x24C9 => array(0x24E3),
            0x24CA => array(0x24E4),
            0x24CB => array(0x24E5),
            0x24CC => array(0x24E6),
            0x24CD => array(0x24E7),
            0x24CE => array(0x24E8),
            0x24CF => array(0x24E9),
            0x3371 => array(0x68, 0x70, 0x61),
            0x3373 => array(0x61, 0x75),
            0x3375 => array(0x6F, 0x76),
            0x3380 => array(0x70, 0x61),
            0x3381 => array(0x6E, 0x61),
            0x3382 => array(0x3BC, 0x61),
            0x3383 => array(0x6D, 0x61),
            0x3384 => array(0x6B, 0x61),
            0x3385 => array(0x6B, 0x62),
            0x3386 => array(0x6D, 0x62),
            0x3387 => array(0x67, 0x62),
            0x338A => array(0x70, 0x66),
            0x338B => array(0x6E, 0x66),
            0x338C => array(0x3BC, 0x66),
            0x3390 => array(0x68, 0x7A),
            0x3391 => array(0x6B, 0x68, 0x7A),
            0x3392 => array(0x6D, 0x68, 0x7A),
            0x3393 => array(0x67, 0x68, 0x7A),
            0x3394 => array(0x74, 0x68, 0x7A),
            0x33A9 => array(0x70, 0x61),
            0x33AA => array(0x6B, 0x70, 0x61),
            0x33AB => array(0x6D, 0x70, 0x61),
            0x33AC => array(0x67, 0x70, 0x61),
            0x33B4 => array(0x70, 0x76),
            0x33B5 => array(0x6E, 0x76),
            0x33B6 => array(0x3BC, 0x76),
            0x33B7 => array(0x6D, 0x76),
            0x33B8 => array(0x6B, 0x76),
            0x33B9 => array(0x6D, 0x76),
            0x33BA => array(0x70, 0x77),
            0x33BB => array(0x6E, 0x77),
            0x33BC => array(0x3BC, 0x77),
            0x33BD => array(0x6D, 0x77),
            0x33BE => array(0x6B, 0x77),
            0x33BF => array(0x6D, 0x77),
            0x33C0 => array(0x6B, 0x3C9),
            0x33C1 => array(0x6D, 0x3C9),
            /* 0x33C2  => array(0x61, 0x2E, 0x6D, 0x2E), */
            0x33C3 => array(0x62, 0x71),
            0x33C6 => array(0x63, 0x2215, 0x6B, 0x67),
            0x33C7 => array(0x63, 0x6F, 0x2E),
            0x33C8 => array(0x64, 0x62),
            0x33C9 => array(0x67, 0x79),
            0x33CB => array(0x68, 0x70),
            0x33CD => array(0x6B, 0x6B),
            0x33CE => array(0x6B, 0x6D),
            0x33D7 => array(0x70, 0x68),
            0x33D9 => array(0x70, 0x70, 0x6D),
            0x33DA => array(0x70, 0x72),
            0x33DC => array(0x73, 0x76),
            0x33DD => array(0x77, 0x62),
            0xFB00 => array(0x66, 0x66),
            0xFB01 => array(0x66, 0x69),
            0xFB02 => array(0x66, 0x6C),
            0xFB03 => array(0x66, 0x66, 0x69),
            0xFB04 => array(0x66, 0x66, 0x6C),
            0xFB05 => array(0x73, 0x74),
            0xFB06 => array(0x73, 0x74),
            0xFB13 => array(0x574, 0x576),
            0xFB14 => array(0x574, 0x565),
            0xFB15 => array(0x574, 0x56B),
            0xFB16 => array(0x57E, 0x576),
            0xFB17 => array(0x574, 0x56D),
            0xFF21 => array(0xFF41),
            0xFF22 => array(0xFF42),
            0xFF23 => array(0xFF43),
            0xFF24 => array(0xFF44),
            0xFF25 => array(0xFF45),
            0xFF26 => array(0xFF46),
            0xFF27 => array(0xFF47),
            0xFF28 => array(0xFF48),
            0xFF29 => array(0xFF49),
            0xFF2A => array(0xFF4A),
            0xFF2B => array(0xFF4B),
            0xFF2C => array(0xFF4C),
            0xFF2D => array(0xFF4D),
            0xFF2E => array(0xFF4E),
            0xFF2F => array(0xFF4F),
            0xFF30 => array(0xFF50),
            0xFF31 => array(0xFF51),
            0xFF32 => array(0xFF52),
            0xFF33 => array(0xFF53),
            0xFF34 => array(0xFF54),
            0xFF35 => array(0xFF55),
            0xFF36 => array(0xFF56),
            0xFF37 => array(0xFF57),
            0xFF38 => array(0xFF58),
            0xFF39 => array(0xFF59),
            0xFF3A => array(0xFF5A),
            0x10400 => array(0x10428),
            0x10401 => array(0x10429),
            0x10402 => array(0x1042A),
            0x10403 => array(0x1042B),
            0x10404 => array(0x1042C),
            0x10405 => array(0x1042D),
            0x10406 => array(0x1042E),
            0x10407 => array(0x1042F),
            0x10408 => array(0x10430),
            0x10409 => array(0x10431),
            0x1040A => array(0x10432),
            0x1040B => array(0x10433),
            0x1040C => array(0x10434),
            0x1040D => array(0x10435),
            0x1040E => array(0x10436),
            0x1040F => array(0x10437),
            0x10410 => array(0x10438),
            0x10411 => array(0x10439),
            0x10412 => array(0x1043A),
            0x10413 => array(0x1043B),
            0x10414 => array(0x1043C),
            0x10415 => array(0x1043D),
            0x10416 => array(0x1043E),
            0x10417 => array(0x1043F),
            0x10418 => array(0x10440),
            0x10419 => array(0x10441),
            0x1041A => array(0x10442),
            0x1041B => array(0x10443),
            0x1041C => array(0x10444),
            0x1041D => array(0x10445),
            0x1041E => array(0x10446),
            0x1041F => array(0x10447),
            0x10420 => array(0x10448),
            0x10421 => array(0x10449),
            0x10422 => array(0x1044A),
            0x10423 => array(0x1044B),
            0x10424 => array(0x1044C),
            0x10425 => array(0x1044D),
            0x1D400 => array(0x61),
            0x1D401 => array(0x62),
            0x1D402 => array(0x63),
            0x1D403 => array(0x64),
            0x1D404 => array(0x65),
            0x1D405 => array(0x66),
            0x1D406 => array(0x67),
            0x1D407 => array(0x68),
            0x1D408 => array(0x69),
            0x1D409 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D40A => array(0x6B),
            0x1D40B => array(0x6C),
            0x1D40C => array(0x6D),
            0x1D40D => array(0x6E),
            0x1D40E => array(0x6F),
            0x1D40F => array(0x70),
            0x1D410 => array(0x71),
            0x1D411 => array(0x72),
            0x1D412 => array(0x73),
            0x1D413 => array(0x74),
            0x1D414 => array(0x75),
            0x1D415 => array(0x76),
            0x1D416 => array(0x77),
            0x1D417 => array(0x78),
            0x1D418 => array(0x79),
            0x1D419 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D434 => array(0x61),
            0x1D435 => array(0x62),
            0x1D436 => array(0x63),
            0x1D437 => array(0x64),
            0x1D438 => array(0x65),
            0x1D439 => array(0x66),
            0x1D43A => array(0x67),
            0x1D43B => array(0x68),
            0x1D43C => array(0x69),
            0x1D43D => array(0x6A),
            0x1D43E => array(0x6B),
            0x1D43F => array(0x6C),
            0x1D440 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D441 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D442 => array(0x6F),
            0x1D443 => array(0x70),
            0x1D444 => array(0x71),
            0x1D445 => array(0x72),
            0x1D446 => array(0x73),
            0x1D447 => array(0x74),
            0x1D448 => array(0x75),
            0x1D449 => array(0x76),
            0x1D44A => array(0x77),
            0x1D44B => array(0x78),
            0x1D44C => array(0x79),
            0x1D44D => array(0x7A),
            0x1D468 => array(0x61),
            0x1D469 => array(0x62),
            0x1D46A => array(0x63),
            0x1D46B => array(0x64),
            0x1D46C => array(0x65),
            0x1D46D => array(0x66),
            0x1D46E => array(0x67),
            0x1D46F => array(0x68),
            0x1D470 => array(0x69),
            0x1D471 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D472 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D473 => array(0x6C),
            0x1D474 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D475 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D476 => array(0x6F),
            0x1D477 => array(0x70),
            0x1D478 => array(0x71),
            0x1D479 => array(0x72),
            0x1D47A => array(0x73),
            0x1D47B => array(0x74),
            0x1D47C => array(0x75),
            0x1D47D => array(0x76),
            0x1D47E => array(0x77),
            0x1D47F => array(0x78),
            0x1D480 => array(0x79),
            0x1D481 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D49C => array(0x61),
            0x1D49E => array(0x63),
            0x1D49F => array(0x64),
            0x1D4A2 => array(0x67),
            0x1D4A5 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D4A6 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D4A9 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D4AA => array(0x6F),
            0x1D4AB => array(0x70),
            0x1D4AC => array(0x71),
            0x1D4AE => array(0x73),
            0x1D4AF => array(0x74),
            0x1D4B0 => array(0x75),
            0x1D4B1 => array(0x76),
            0x1D4B2 => array(0x77),
            0x1D4B3 => array(0x78),
            0x1D4B4 => array(0x79),
            0x1D4B5 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D4D0 => array(0x61),
            0x1D4D1 => array(0x62),
            0x1D4D2 => array(0x63),
            0x1D4D3 => array(0x64),
            0x1D4D4 => array(0x65),
            0x1D4D5 => array(0x66),
            0x1D4D6 => array(0x67),
            0x1D4D7 => array(0x68),
            0x1D4D8 => array(0x69),
            0x1D4D9 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D4DA => array(0x6B),
            0x1D4DB => array(0x6C),
            0x1D4DC => array(0x6D),
            0x1D4DD => array(0x6E),
            0x1D4DE => array(0x6F),
            0x1D4DF => array(0x70),
            0x1D4E0 => array(0x71),
            0x1D4E1 => array(0x72),
            0x1D4E2 => array(0x73),
            0x1D4E3 => array(0x74),
            0x1D4E4 => array(0x75),
            0x1D4E5 => array(0x76),
            0x1D4E6 => array(0x77),
            0x1D4E7 => array(0x78),
            0x1D4E8 => array(0x79),
            0x1D4E9 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D504 => array(0x61),
            0x1D505 => array(0x62),
            0x1D507 => array(0x64),
            0x1D508 => array(0x65),
            0x1D509 => array(0x66),
            0x1D50A => array(0x67),
            0x1D50D => array(0x6A),
            0x1D50E => array(0x6B),
            0x1D50F => array(0x6C),
            0x1D510 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D511 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D512 => array(0x6F),
            0x1D513 => array(0x70),
            0x1D514 => array(0x71),
            0x1D516 => array(0x73),
            0x1D517 => array(0x74),
            0x1D518 => array(0x75),
            0x1D519 => array(0x76),
            0x1D51A => array(0x77),
            0x1D51B => array(0x78),
            0x1D51C => array(0x79),
            0x1D538 => array(0x61),
            0x1D539 => array(0x62),
            0x1D53B => array(0x64),
            0x1D53C => array(0x65),
            0x1D53D => array(0x66),
            0x1D53E => array(0x67),
            0x1D540 => array(0x69),
            0x1D541 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D542 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D543 => array(0x6C),
            0x1D544 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D546 => array(0x6F),
            0x1D54A => array(0x73),
            0x1D54B => array(0x74),
            0x1D54C => array(0x75),
            0x1D54D => array(0x76),
            0x1D54E => array(0x77),
            0x1D54F => array(0x78),
            0x1D550 => array(0x79),
            0x1D56C => array(0x61),
            0x1D56D => array(0x62),
            0x1D56E => array(0x63),
            0x1D56F => array(0x64),
            0x1D570 => array(0x65),
            0x1D571 => array(0x66),
            0x1D572 => array(0x67),
            0x1D573 => array(0x68),
            0x1D574 => array(0x69),
            0x1D575 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D576 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D577 => array(0x6C),
            0x1D578 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D579 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D57A => array(0x6F),
            0x1D57B => array(0x70),
            0x1D57C => array(0x71),
            0x1D57D => array(0x72),
            0x1D57E => array(0x73),
            0x1D57F => array(0x74),
            0x1D580 => array(0x75),
            0x1D581 => array(0x76),
            0x1D582 => array(0x77),
            0x1D583 => array(0x78),
            0x1D584 => array(0x79),
            0x1D585 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D5A0 => array(0x61),
            0x1D5A1 => array(0x62),
            0x1D5A2 => array(0x63),
            0x1D5A3 => array(0x64),
            0x1D5A4 => array(0x65),
            0x1D5A5 => array(0x66),
            0x1D5A6 => array(0x67),
            0x1D5A7 => array(0x68),
            0x1D5A8 => array(0x69),
            0x1D5A9 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D5AA => array(0x6B),
            0x1D5AB => array(0x6C),
            0x1D5AC => array(0x6D),
            0x1D5AD => array(0x6E),
            0x1D5AE => array(0x6F),
            0x1D5AF => array(0x70),
            0x1D5B0 => array(0x71),
            0x1D5B1 => array(0x72),
            0x1D5B2 => array(0x73),
            0x1D5B3 => array(0x74),
            0x1D5B4 => array(0x75),
            0x1D5B5 => array(0x76),
            0x1D5B6 => array(0x77),
            0x1D5B7 => array(0x78),
            0x1D5B8 => array(0x79),
            0x1D5B9 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D5D4 => array(0x61),
            0x1D5D5 => array(0x62),
            0x1D5D6 => array(0x63),
            0x1D5D7 => array(0x64),
            0x1D5D8 => array(0x65),
            0x1D5D9 => array(0x66),
            0x1D5DA => array(0x67),
            0x1D5DB => array(0x68),
            0x1D5DC => array(0x69),
            0x1D5DD => array(0x6A),
            0x1D5DE => array(0x6B),
            0x1D5DF => array(0x6C),
            0x1D5E0 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D5E1 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D5E2 => array(0x6F),
            0x1D5E3 => array(0x70),
            0x1D5E4 => array(0x71),
            0x1D5E5 => array(0x72),
            0x1D5E6 => array(0x73),
            0x1D5E7 => array(0x74),
            0x1D5E8 => array(0x75),
            0x1D5E9 => array(0x76),
            0x1D5EA => array(0x77),
            0x1D5EB => array(0x78),
            0x1D5EC => array(0x79),
            0x1D5ED => array(0x7A),
            0x1D608 => array(0x61),
            0x1D609 => array(0x62),
            0x1D60A => array(0x63),
            0x1D60B => array(0x64),
            0x1D60C => array(0x65),
            0x1D60D => array(0x66),
            0x1D60E => array(0x67),
            0x1D60F => array(0x68),
            0x1D610 => array(0x69),
            0x1D611 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D612 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D613 => array(0x6C),
            0x1D614 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D615 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D616 => array(0x6F),
            0x1D617 => array(0x70),
            0x1D618 => array(0x71),
            0x1D619 => array(0x72),
            0x1D61A => array(0x73),
            0x1D61B => array(0x74),
            0x1D61C => array(0x75),
            0x1D61D => array(0x76),
            0x1D61E => array(0x77),
            0x1D61F => array(0x78),
            0x1D620 => array(0x79),
            0x1D621 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D63C => array(0x61),
            0x1D63D => array(0x62),
            0x1D63E => array(0x63),
            0x1D63F => array(0x64),
            0x1D640 => array(0x65),
            0x1D641 => array(0x66),
            0x1D642 => array(0x67),
            0x1D643 => array(0x68),
            0x1D644 => array(0x69),
            0x1D645 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D646 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D647 => array(0x6C),
            0x1D648 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D649 => array(0x6E),
            0x1D64A => array(0x6F),
            0x1D64B => array(0x70),
            0x1D64C => array(0x71),
            0x1D64D => array(0x72),
            0x1D64E => array(0x73),
            0x1D64F => array(0x74),
            0x1D650 => array(0x75),
            0x1D651 => array(0x76),
            0x1D652 => array(0x77),
            0x1D653 => array(0x78),
            0x1D654 => array(0x79),
            0x1D655 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D670 => array(0x61),
            0x1D671 => array(0x62),
            0x1D672 => array(0x63),
            0x1D673 => array(0x64),
            0x1D674 => array(0x65),
            0x1D675 => array(0x66),
            0x1D676 => array(0x67),
            0x1D677 => array(0x68),
            0x1D678 => array(0x69),
            0x1D679 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D67A => array(0x6B),
            0x1D67B => array(0x6C),
            0x1D67C => array(0x6D),
            0x1D67D => array(0x6E),
            0x1D67E => array(0x6F),
            0x1D67F => array(0x70),
            0x1D680 => array(0x71),
            0x1D681 => array(0x72),
            0x1D682 => array(0x73),
            0x1D683 => array(0x74),
            0x1D684 => array(0x75),
            0x1D685 => array(0x76),
            0x1D686 => array(0x77),
            0x1D687 => array(0x78),
            0x1D688 => array(0x79),
            0x1D689 => array(0x7A),
            0x1D6A8 => array(0x3B1),
            0x1D6A9 => array(0x3B2),
            0x1D6AA => array(0x3B3),
            0x1D6AB => array(0x3B4),
            0x1D6AC => array(0x3B5),
            0x1D6AD => array(0x3B6),
            0x1D6AE => array(0x3B7),
            0x1D6AF => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D6B0 => array(0x3B9),
            0x1D6B1 => array(0x3BA),
            0x1D6B2 => array(0x3BB),
            0x1D6B3 => array(0x3BC),
            0x1D6B4 => array(0x3BD),
            0x1D6B5 => array(0x3BE),
            0x1D6B6 => array(0x3BF),
            0x1D6B7 => array(0x3C0),
            0x1D6B8 => array(0x3C1),
            0x1D6B9 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D6BA => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D6BB => array(0x3C4),
            0x1D6BC => array(0x3C5),
            0x1D6BD => array(0x3C6),
            0x1D6BE => array(0x3C7),
            0x1D6BF => array(0x3C8),
            0x1D6C0 => array(0x3C9),
            0x1D6D3 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D6E2 => array(0x3B1),
            0x1D6E3 => array(0x3B2),
            0x1D6E4 => array(0x3B3),
            0x1D6E5 => array(0x3B4),
            0x1D6E6 => array(0x3B5),
            0x1D6E7 => array(0x3B6),
            0x1D6E8 => array(0x3B7),
            0x1D6E9 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D6EA => array(0x3B9),
            0x1D6EB => array(0x3BA),
            0x1D6EC => array(0x3BB),
            0x1D6ED => array(0x3BC),
            0x1D6EE => array(0x3BD),
            0x1D6EF => array(0x3BE),
            0x1D6F0 => array(0x3BF),
            0x1D6F1 => array(0x3C0),
            0x1D6F2 => array(0x3C1),
            0x1D6F3 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D6F4 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D6F5 => array(0x3C4),
            0x1D6F6 => array(0x3C5),
            0x1D6F7 => array(0x3C6),
            0x1D6F8 => array(0x3C7),
            0x1D6F9 => array(0x3C8),
            0x1D6FA => array(0x3C9),
            0x1D70D => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D71C => array(0x3B1),
            0x1D71D => array(0x3B2),
            0x1D71E => array(0x3B3),
            0x1D71F => array(0x3B4),
            0x1D720 => array(0x3B5),
            0x1D721 => array(0x3B6),
            0x1D722 => array(0x3B7),
            0x1D723 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D724 => array(0x3B9),
            0x1D725 => array(0x3BA),
            0x1D726 => array(0x3BB),
            0x1D727 => array(0x3BC),
            0x1D728 => array(0x3BD),
            0x1D729 => array(0x3BE),
            0x1D72A => array(0x3BF),
            0x1D72B => array(0x3C0),
            0x1D72C => array(0x3C1),
            0x1D72D => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D72E => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D72F => array(0x3C4),
            0x1D730 => array(0x3C5),
            0x1D731 => array(0x3C6),
            0x1D732 => array(0x3C7),
            0x1D733 => array(0x3C8),
            0x1D734 => array(0x3C9),
            0x1D747 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D756 => array(0x3B1),
            0x1D757 => array(0x3B2),
            0x1D758 => array(0x3B3),
            0x1D759 => array(0x3B4),
            0x1D75A => array(0x3B5),
            0x1D75B => array(0x3B6),
            0x1D75C => array(0x3B7),
            0x1D75D => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D75E => array(0x3B9),
            0x1D75F => array(0x3BA),
            0x1D760 => array(0x3BB),
            0x1D761 => array(0x3BC),
            0x1D762 => array(0x3BD),
            0x1D763 => array(0x3BE),
            0x1D764 => array(0x3BF),
            0x1D765 => array(0x3C0),
            0x1D766 => array(0x3C1),
            0x1D767 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D768 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D769 => array(0x3C4),
            0x1D76A => array(0x3C5),
            0x1D76B => array(0x3C6),
            0x1D76C => array(0x3C7),
            0x1D76D => array(0x3C8),
            0x1D76E => array(0x3C9),
            0x1D781 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D790 => array(0x3B1),
            0x1D791 => array(0x3B2),
            0x1D792 => array(0x3B3),
            0x1D793 => array(0x3B4),
            0x1D794 => array(0x3B5),
            0x1D795 => array(0x3B6),
            0x1D796 => array(0x3B7),
            0x1D797 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D798 => array(0x3B9),
            0x1D799 => array(0x3BA),
            0x1D79A => array(0x3BB),
            0x1D79B => array(0x3BC),
            0x1D79C => array(0x3BD),
            0x1D79D => array(0x3BE),
            0x1D79E => array(0x3BF),
            0x1D79F => array(0x3C0),
            0x1D7A0 => array(0x3C1),
            0x1D7A1 => array(0x3B8),
            0x1D7A2 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D7A3 => array(0x3C4),
            0x1D7A4 => array(0x3C5),
            0x1D7A5 => array(0x3C6),
            0x1D7A6 => array(0x3C7),
            0x1D7A7 => array(0x3C8),
            0x1D7A8 => array(0x3C9),
            0x1D7BB => array(0x3C3),
            0x3F9 => array(0x3C3),
            0x1D2C => array(0x61),
            0x1D2D => array(0xE6),
            0x1D2E => array(0x62),
            0x1D30 => array(0x64),
            0x1D31 => array(0x65),
            0x1D32 => array(0x1DD),
            0x1D33 => array(0x67),
            0x1D34 => array(0x68),
            0x1D35 => array(0x69),
            0x1D36 => array(0x6A),
            0x1D37 => array(0x6B),
            0x1D38 => array(0x6C),
            0x1D39 => array(0x6D),
            0x1D3A => array(0x6E),
            0x1D3C => array(0x6F),
            0x1D3D => array(0x223),
            0x1D3E => array(0x70),
            0x1D3F => array(0x72),
            0x1D40 => array(0x74),
            0x1D41 => array(0x75),
            0x1D42 => array(0x77),
            0x213B => array(0x66, 0x61, 0x78),
            0x3250 => array(0x70, 0x74, 0x65),
            0x32CC => array(0x68, 0x67),
            0x32CE => array(0x65, 0x76),
            0x32CF => array(0x6C, 0x74, 0x64),
            0x337A => array(0x69, 0x75),
            0x33DE => array(0x76, 0x2215, 0x6D),
            0x33DF => array(0x61, 0x2215, 0x6D)
        );

        /**
         * Normalization Combining Classes; Code Points not listed
         * got Combining Class 0.
         *
         * @static
         * @var array
         * @access private
         */
        private static $_np_norm_combcls = array(
            0x334 => 1,
            0x335 => 1,
            0x336 => 1,
            0x337 => 1,
            0x338 => 1,
            0x93C => 7,
            0x9BC => 7,
            0xA3C => 7,
            0xABC => 7,
            0xB3C => 7,
            0xCBC => 7,
            0x1037 => 7,
            0x3099 => 8,
            0x309A => 8,
            0x94D => 9,
            0x9CD => 9,
            0xA4D => 9,
            0xACD => 9,
            0xB4D => 9,
            0xBCD => 9,
            0xC4D => 9,
            0xCCD => 9,
            0xD4D => 9,
            0xDCA => 9,
            0xE3A => 9,
            0xF84 => 9,
            0x1039 => 9,
            0x1714 => 9,
            0x1734 => 9,
            0x17D2 => 9,
            0x5B0 => 10,
            0x5B1 => 11,
            0x5B2 => 12,
            0x5B3 => 13,
            0x5B4 => 14,
            0x5B5 => 15,
            0x5B6 => 16,
            0x5B7 => 17,
            0x5B8 => 18,
            0x5B9 => 19,
            0x5BB => 20,
            0x5Bc => 21,
            0x5BD => 22,
            0x5BF => 23,
            0x5C1 => 24,
            0x5C2 => 25,
            0xFB1E => 26,
            0x64B => 27,
            0x64C => 28,
            0x64D => 29,
            0x64E => 30,
            0x64F => 31,
            0x650 => 32,
            0x651 => 33,
            0x652 => 34,
            0x670 => 35,
            0x711 => 36,
            0xC55 => 84,
            0xC56 => 91,
            0xE38 => 103,
            0xE39 => 103,
            0xE48 => 107,
            0xE49 => 107,
            0xE4A => 107,
            0xE4B => 107,
            0xEB8 => 118,
            0xEB9 => 118,
            0xEC8 => 122,
            0xEC9 => 122,
            0xECA => 122,
            0xECB => 122,
            0xF71 => 129,
            0xF72 => 130,
            0xF7A => 130,
            0xF7B => 130,
            0xF7C => 130,
            0xF7D => 130,
            0xF80 => 130,
            0xF74 => 132,
            0x321 => 202,
            0x322 => 202,
            0x327 => 202,
            0x328 => 202,
            0x31B => 216,
            0xF39 => 216,
            0x1D165 => 216,
            0x1D166 => 216,
            0x1D16E => 216,
            0x1D16F => 216,
            0x1D170 => 216,
            0x1D171 => 216,
            0x1D172 => 216,
            0x302A => 218,
            0x316 => 220,
            0x317 => 220,
            0x318 => 220,
            0x319 => 220,
            0x31C => 220,
            0x31D => 220,
            0x31E => 220,
            0x31F => 220,
            0x320 => 220,
            0x323 => 220,
            0x324 => 220,
            0x325 => 220,
            0x326 => 220,
            0x329 => 220,
            0x32A => 220,
            0x32B => 220,
            0x32C => 220,
            0x32D => 220,
            0x32E => 220,
            0x32F => 220,
            0x330 => 220,
            0x331 => 220,
            0x332 => 220,
            0x333 => 220,
            0x339 => 220,
            0x33A => 220,
            0x33B => 220,
            0x33C => 220,
            0x347 => 220,
            0x348 => 220,
            0x349 => 220,
            0x34D => 220,
            0x34E => 220,
            0x353 => 220,
            0x354 => 220,
            0x355 => 220,
            0x356 => 220,
            0x591 => 220,
            0x596 => 220,
            0x59B => 220,
            0x5A3 => 220,
            0x5A4 => 220,
            0x5A5 => 220,
            0x5A6 => 220,
            0x5A7 => 220,
            0x5AA => 220,
            0x655 => 220,
            0x656 => 220,
            0x6E3 => 220,
            0x6EA => 220,
            0x6ED => 220,
            0x731 => 220,
            0x734 => 220,
            0x737 => 220,
            0x738 => 220,
            0x739 => 220,
            0x73B => 220,
            0x73C => 220,
            0x73E => 220,
            0x742 => 220,
            0x744 => 220,
            0x746 => 220,
            0x748 => 220,
            0x952 => 220,
            0xF18 => 220,
            0xF19 => 220,
            0xF35 => 220,
            0xF37 => 220,
            0xFC6 => 220,
            0x193B => 220,
            0x20E8 => 220,
            0x1D17B => 220,
            0x1D17C => 220,
            0x1D17D => 220,
            0x1D17E => 220,
            0x1D17F => 220,
            0x1D180 => 220,
            0x1D181 => 220,
            0x1D182 => 220,
            0x1D18A => 220,
            0x1D18B => 220,
            0x59A => 222,
            0x5AD => 222,
            0x1929 => 222,
            0x302D => 222,
            0x302E => 224,
            0x302F => 224,
            0x1D16D => 226,
            0x5AE => 228,
            0x18A9 => 228,
            0x302B => 228,
            0x300 => 230,
            0x301 => 230,
            0x302 => 230,
            0x303 => 230,
            0x304 => 230,
            0x305 => 230,
            0x306 => 230,
            0x307 => 230,
            0x308 => 230,
            0x309 => 230,
            0x30A => 230,
            0x30B => 230,
            0x30C => 230,
            0x30D => 230,
            0x30E => 230,
            0x30F => 230,
            0x310 => 230,
            0x311 => 230,
            0x312 => 230,
            0x313 => 230,
            0x314 => 230,
            0x33D => 230,
            0x33E => 230,
            0x33F => 230,
            0x340 => 230,
            0x341 => 230,
            0x342 => 230,
            0x343 => 230,
            0x344 => 230,
            0x346 => 230,
            0x34A => 230,
            0x34B => 230,
            0x34C => 230,
            0x350 => 230,
            0x351 => 230,
            0x352 => 230,
            0x357 => 230,
            0x363 => 230,
            0x364 => 230,
            0x365 => 230,
            0x366 => 230,
            0x367 => 230,
            0x368 => 230,
            0x369 => 230,
            0x36A => 230,
            0x36B => 230,
            0x36C => 230,
            0x36D => 230,
            0x36E => 230,
            0x36F => 230,
            0x483 => 230,
            0x484 => 230,
            0x485 => 230,
            0x486 => 230,
            0x592 => 230,
            0x593 => 230,
            0x594 => 230,
            0x595 => 230,
            0x597 => 230,
            0x598 => 230,
            0x599 => 230,
            0x59C => 230,
            0x59D => 230,
            0x59E => 230,
            0x59F => 230,
            0x5A0 => 230,
            0x5A1 => 230,
            0x5A8 => 230,
            0x5A9 => 230,
            0x5AB => 230,
            0x5AC => 230,
            0x5AF => 230,
            0x5C4 => 230,
            0x610 => 230,
            0x611 => 230,
            0x612 => 230,
            0x613 => 230,
            0x614 => 230,
            0x615 => 230,
            0x653 => 230,
            0x654 => 230,
            0x657 => 230,
            0x658 => 230,
            0x6D6 => 230,
            0x6D7 => 230,
            0x6D8 => 230,
            0x6D9 => 230,
            0x6DA => 230,
            0x6DB => 230,
            0x6DC => 230,
            0x6DF => 230,
            0x6E0 => 230,
            0x6E1 => 230,
            0x6E2 => 230,
            0x6E4 => 230,
            0x6E7 => 230,
            0x6E8 => 230,
            0x6EB => 230,
            0x6EC => 230,
            0x730 => 230,
            0x732 => 230,
            0x733 => 230,
            0x735 => 230,
            0x736 => 230,
            0x73A => 230,
            0x73D => 230,
            0x73F => 230,
            0x740 => 230,
            0x741 => 230,
            0x743 => 230,
            0x745 => 230,
            0x747 => 230,
            0x749 => 230,
            0x74A => 230,
            0x951 => 230,
            0x953 => 230,
            0x954 => 230,
            0xF82 => 230,
            0xF83 => 230,
            0xF86 => 230,
            0xF87 => 230,
            0x170D => 230,
            0x193A => 230,
            0x20D0 => 230,
            0x20D1 => 230,
            0x20D4 => 230,
            0x20D5 => 230,
            0x20D6 => 230,
            0x20D7 => 230,
            0x20DB => 230,
            0x20DC => 230,
            0x20E1 => 230,
            0x20E7 => 230,
            0x20E9 => 230,
            0xFE20 => 230,
            0xFE21 => 230,
            0xFE22 => 230,
            0xFE23 => 230,
            0x1D185 => 230,
            0x1D186 => 230,
            0x1D187 => 230,
            0x1D189 => 230,
            0x1D188 => 230,
            0x1D1AA => 230,
            0x1D1AB => 230,
            0x1D1AC => 230,
            0x1D1AD => 230,
            0x315 => 232,
            0x31A => 232,
            0x302C => 232,
            0x35F => 233,
            0x362 => 233,
            0x35D => 234,
            0x35E => 234,
            0x360 => 234,
            0x361 => 234,
            0x345 => 240
        );
        // }}}
        // {{{ properties
        /**
         * @var string
         * @access private
         */
        private $_punycode_prefix = 'xn--';

        /**
         * @access private
         */
        private $_invalid_ucs = 0x80000000;

        /**
         * @access private
         */
        private $_max_ucs = 0x10FFFF;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_base = 36;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_tmin = 1;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_tmax = 26;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_skew = 38;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_damp = 700;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_initial_bias = 72;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_initial_n = 0x80;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_slast;

        /**
         * @access private
         */
        private $_sbase = 0xAC00;

        /**
         * @access private
         */
        private $_lbase = 0x1100;

        /**
         * @access private
         */
        private $_vbase = 0x1161;

        /**
         * @access private
         */
        private $_tbase = 0x11a7;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_lcount = 19;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_vcount = 21;

        /**
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_tcount = 28;

        /**
         * vcount * tcount
         *
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_ncount = 588;

        /**
         * lcount * tcount * vcount
         *
         * @var int
         * @access private
         */
        private $_scount = 11172;

        /**
         * Default encoding for encode()'s input and decode()'s output is UTF-8;
         * Other possible encodings are ucs4_string and ucs4_array
         * See {@link setParams()} for how to select these
         *
         * @var bool
         * @access private
         */
        private $_api_encoding = 'utf8';

        /**
         * Overlong UTF-8 encodings are forbidden
         *
         * @var bool
         * @access private
         */
        private $_allow_overlong = false;

        /**
         * Behave strict or not
         *
         * @var bool
         * @access private
         */
        private $_strict_mode = false;

        /**
         * IDNA-version to use
         *
         * Values are "2003" and "2008".
         * Defaults to "2003", since that was the original version and for
         * compatibility with previous versions of this library.
         * If you need to encode "new" characters like the German "Eszett",
         * please switch to 2008 first before encoding.
         *
         * @var bool
         * @access private
         */
        private $_version = '2003';

        /**
         * Cached value indicating whether or not mbstring function overloading is
         * on for strlen
         *
         * This is cached for optimal performance.
         *
         * @var boolean
         * @see Net_IDNA2::_byteLength()
         */
        private static $_mb_string_overload = null;

        // }}}
        // {{{ constructor
        /**
         * Constructor
         *
         * @param array $options Options to initialise the object with
         *
         * @access public
         * @see    setParams()
         */
        public function __construct($options = null) {
            $this->_slast = $this->_sbase + $this->_lcount * $this->_vcount * $this->_tcount;

            if (is_array($options)) {
                $this->setParams($options);
            }

            // populate mbstring overloading cache if not set
            if (self::$_mb_string_overload === null) {
                self::$_mb_string_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring')
                    && (ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') & 0x02) === 0x02);
            }
        }

        // }}}

        /**
         * Sets a new option value. Available options and values:
         *
         * [utf8 -     Use either UTF-8 or ISO-8859-1 as input (true for UTF-8, false
         *             otherwise); The output is always UTF-8]
         * [overlong - Unicode does not allow unnecessarily long encodings of chars,
         *             to allow this, set this parameter to true, else to false;
         *             default is false.]
         * [strict -   true: strict mode, good for registration purposes - Causes errors
         *             on failures; false: loose mode, ideal for "wildlife" applications
         *             by silently ignoring errors and returning the original input instead]
         *
         * @throws InvalidArgumentException
         *
         * @param string|array  $option Parameter to set (string: single parameter; array of Parameter => Value pairs)
         * @param boolean $value  Value to use (if parameter 1 is a string)
         *
         * @return boolean       true on success, false otherwise
         * @access public
         */
        public function setParams($option, $value = false) {
            if (!is_array($option)) {
                $option = array($option => $value);
            }

            foreach ($option as $k => $v) {
                switch ($k) {
                    case 'encoding':
                        switch ($v) {
                            case 'utf8':
                            case 'ucs4_string':
                            case 'ucs4_array':
                                $this->_api_encoding = $v;
                                break;

                            default:
                                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Set Parameter: Unknown parameter ' . $v . ' for option ' . $k);
                        }

                        break;

                    case 'overlong':
                        $this->_allow_overlong = ($v) ? true : false;
                        break;

                    case 'strict':
                        $this->_strict_mode = ($v) ? true : false;
                        break;

                    case 'version':
                        if (in_array($v, array('2003', '2008'))) {
                            $this->_version = $v;
                        } else {
                            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Set Parameter: Invalid parameter ' . $v . ' for option ' . $k);
                        }
                        break;

                    default:
                        return false;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        /**
         * Encode a given UTF-8 domain name.
         *
         * @param string $decoded           Domain name (UTF-8 or UCS-4)
         * @param boolean $one_time_encoding Desired input encoding, see {@link set_parameter}
         *                                  If not given will use default-encoding
         *
         * @return string Encoded Domain name (ACE string)
         * @return mixed  processed string
         * @throws InvalidArgumentException
         * @access public
         */
        public function encode($decoded, $one_time_encoding = false) {
            // Forcing conversion of input to UCS4 array
            // If one time encoding is given, use this, else the objects property
            switch (($one_time_encoding) ? $one_time_encoding : $this->_api_encoding) {
                case 'utf8':
                    $decoded = $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($decoded);
                    break;
                case 'ucs4_string':
                    $decoded = $this->_ucs4_string_to_ucs4($decoded);
                case 'ucs4_array': // No break; before this line. Catch case, but do nothing
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported input format');
            }

            // No input, no output, what else did you expect?
            if (empty($decoded))
                return '';

            // Anchors for iteration
            $last_begin = 0;
            // Output string
            $output = '';

            foreach ($decoded as $k => $v) {
                // Make sure to use just the plain dot
                switch ($v) {
                    case 0x3002:
                    case 0xFF0E:
                    case 0xFF61:
                        $decoded[$k] = 0x2E;
                    // It's right, no break here
                    // The codepoints above have to be converted to dots anyway
                    // Stumbling across an anchoring character
                    case 0x2E:
                    case 0x2F:
                    case 0x3A:
                    case 0x3F:
                    case 0x40:
                        // Neither email addresses nor URLs allowed in strict mode
                        if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Neither email addresses nor URLs are allowed in strict mode.');
                        }
                        // Skip first char
                        if ($k) {
                            $encoded = '';
                            $encoded = $this->_encode(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($k) - $last_begin)));
                            if ($encoded) {
                                $output .= $encoded;
                            } else {
                                $output .= $this->_ucs4_to_utf8(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($k) - $last_begin)));
                            }
                            $output .= chr($decoded[$k]);
                        }
                        $last_begin = $k + 1;
                }
            }
            // Catch the rest of the string
            if ($last_begin) {
                $inp_len = sizeof($decoded);
                $encoded = '';
                $encoded = $this->_encode(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($inp_len) - $last_begin)));
                if ($encoded) {
                    $output .= $encoded;
                } else {
                    $output .= $this->_ucs4_to_utf8(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($inp_len) - $last_begin)));
                }
                return $output;
            }

            if ($output = $this->_encode($decoded)) {
                return $output;
            }

            return $this->_ucs4_to_utf8($decoded);
        }

        /**
         * Decode a given ACE domain name.
         *
         * @param string $input             Domain name (ACE string)
         * @param bool $one_time_encoding Desired output encoding, see {@link set_parameter}
         *
         * @return array|string                   Decoded Domain name (UTF-8 or UCS-4)
         * @throws InvalidArgumentException
         * @access public
         */
        public function decode($input, $one_time_encoding = false) {
            // Optionally set
            if ($one_time_encoding) {
                switch ($one_time_encoding) {
                    case 'utf8':
                    case 'ucs4_string':
                    case 'ucs4_array':
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unknown encoding ' . $one_time_encoding);
                }
            }
            // Make sure to drop any newline characters around
            $input = trim($input);

            // Negotiate input and try to determine, wether it is a plain string,
            // an email address or something like a complete URL
            if (strpos($input, '@')) { // Maybe it is an email address
                // No no in strict mode
                if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Only simple domain name parts can be handled in strict mode');
                }
                list($email_pref, $input) = explode('@', $input, 2);
                $arr = explode('.', $input);
                foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                    $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                    if ($conv)
                        $arr[$k] = $conv;
                }
                $return = $email_pref . '@' . join('.', $arr);
            } elseif (preg_match('![:\./]!', $input)) { // Or a complete domain name (with or without paths / parameters)
                // No no in strict mode
                if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Only simple domain name parts can be handled in strict mode');
                }

                $parsed = parse_url($input);
                if (isset($parsed['host'])) {
                    $arr = explode('.', $parsed['host']);
                    foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                        $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                        if ($conv)
                            $arr[$k] = $conv;
                    }
                    $parsed['host'] = join('.', $arr);
                    if (isset($parsed['scheme'])) {
                        $parsed['scheme'] .= (strtolower($parsed['scheme']) == 'mailto') ? ':' : '://';
                    }
                    $return = $this->_unparse_url($parsed);
                } else { // parse_url seems to have failed, try without it
                    $arr = explode('.', $input);
                    foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                        $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                        if ($conv)
                            $arr[$k] = $conv;
                    }
                    $return = join('.', $arr);
                }
            } else { // Otherwise we consider it being a pure domain name string
                $return = $this->_decode($input);
            }
            // The output is UTF-8 by default, other output formats need conversion here
            // If one time encoding is given, use this, else the objects property
            switch (($one_time_encoding) ? $one_time_encoding : $this->_api_encoding) {
                case 'utf8':
                    return $return;
                    break;
                case 'ucs4_string':
                    return $this->_ucs4_to_ucs4_string($this->_utf8_to_ucs4($return));
                    break;
                case 'ucs4_array':
                    return $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($return);
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported output format');
            }
        }

        // {{{ private
        /**
         * Opposite function to parse_url()
         *
         * Inspired by code from comments of php.net-documentation for parse_url()
         *
         * @param array $parts_arr parts (strings) as returned by parse_url()
         *
         * @return string
         * @access private
         */
        private function _unparse_url($parts_arr) {
            if (!empty($parts_arr['scheme'])) {
                $ret_url = $parts_arr['scheme'];
            }
            if (!empty($parts_arr['user'])) {
                $ret_url .= $parts_arr['user'];
                if (!empty($parts_arr['pass'])) {
                    $ret_url .= ':' . $parts_arr['pass'];
                }
                $ret_url .= '@';
            }
            $ret_url .= $parts_arr['host'];
            if (!empty($parts_arr['port'])) {
                $ret_url .= ':' . $parts_arr['port'];
            }
            $ret_url .= $parts_arr['path'];
            if (!empty($parts_arr['query'])) {
                $ret_url .= '?' . $parts_arr['query'];
            }
            if (!empty($parts_arr['fragment'])) {
                $ret_url .= '#' . $parts_arr['fragment'];
            }
            return $ret_url;
        }

        /**
         * The actual encoding algorithm.
         *
         * @param string $decoded Decoded string which should be encoded
         *
         * @return string         Encoded string
         * @throws Exception
         * @access private
         */
        private function _encode($decoded) {
            // We cannot encode a domain name containing the Punycode prefix
            $extract = self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix);
            $check_pref = $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($this->_punycode_prefix);
            $check_deco = array_slice($decoded, 0, $extract);

            if ($check_pref == $check_deco) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('This is already a punycode string');
            }

            // We will not try to encode strings consisting of basic code points only
            $encodable = false;
            foreach ($decoded as $k => $v) {
                if ($v > 0x7a) {
                    $encodable = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!$encodable) {
                if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('The given string does not contain encodable chars');
                }

                return false;
            }

            // Do NAMEPREP
            $decoded = $this->_nameprep($decoded);

            $deco_len = count($decoded);

            // Empty array
            if (!$deco_len) {
                return false;
            }

            // How many chars have been consumed
            $codecount = 0;

            // Start with the prefix; copy it to output
            $encoded = $this->_punycode_prefix;

            $encoded = '';
            // Copy all basic code points to output
            for ($i = 0; $i < $deco_len; ++$i) {
                $test = $decoded[$i];
                // Will match [0-9a-zA-Z-]
                if ((0x2F < $test && $test < 0x40)
                    || (0x40 < $test && $test < 0x5B)
                    || (0x60 < $test && $test <= 0x7B)
                    || (0x2D == $test)
                ) {
                    $encoded .= chr($decoded[$i]);
                    $codecount++;
                }
            }

            // All codepoints were basic ones
            if ($codecount == $deco_len) {
                return $encoded;
            }

            // Start with the prefix; copy it to output
            $encoded = $this->_punycode_prefix . $encoded;

            // If we have basic code points in output, add an hyphen to the end
            if ($codecount) {
                $encoded .= '-';
            }

            // Now find and encode all non-basic code points
            $is_first = true;
            $cur_code = $this->_initial_n;
            $bias = $this->_initial_bias;
            $delta = 0;

            while ($codecount < $deco_len) {
                // Find the smallest code point >= the current code point and
                // remember the last ouccrence of it in the input
                for ($i = 0, $next_code = $this->_max_ucs; $i < $deco_len; $i++) {
                    if ($decoded[$i] >= $cur_code && $decoded[$i] <= $next_code) {
                        $next_code = $decoded[$i];
                    }
                }

                $delta += ($next_code - $cur_code) * ($codecount + 1);
                $cur_code = $next_code;

                // Scan input again and encode all characters whose code point is $cur_code
                for ($i = 0; $i < $deco_len; $i++) {
                    if ($decoded[$i] < $cur_code) {
                        $delta++;
                    } else if ($decoded[$i] == $cur_code) {
                        for ($q = $delta, $k = $this->_base; 1; $k += $this->_base) {
                            $t = ($k <= $bias) ?
                                $this->_tmin :
                                (($k >= $bias + $this->_tmax) ? $this->_tmax : $k - $bias);

                            if ($q < $t) {
                                break;
                            }

                            $encoded .= $this->_encodeDigit(ceil($t + (($q - $t) % ($this->_base - $t))));
                            $q = ($q - $t) / ($this->_base - $t);
                        }

                        $encoded .= $this->_encodeDigit($q);
                        $bias = $this->_adapt($delta, $codecount + 1, $is_first);
                        $codecount++;
                        $delta = 0;
                        $is_first = false;
                    }
                }

                $delta++;
                $cur_code++;
            }

            return $encoded;
        }

        /**
         * The actual decoding algorithm.
         *
         * @param string $encoded Encoded string which should be decoded
         *
         * @return string         Decoded string
         * @throws Exception
         * @access private
         */
        private function _decode($encoded) {
            // We do need to find the Punycode prefix
            if (!preg_match('!^' . preg_quote($this->_punycode_prefix, '!') . '!', $encoded)) {
                return false;
            }

            $encode_test = preg_replace('!^' . preg_quote($this->_punycode_prefix, '!') . '!', '', $encoded);

            // If nothing left after removing the prefix, it is hopeless
            if (!$encode_test) {
                return false;
            }

            // Find last occurence of the delimiter
            $delim_pos = strrpos($encoded, '-');

            if ($delim_pos > self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix)) {
                for ($k = self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix); $k < $delim_pos; ++$k) {
                    $decoded[] = ord($encoded[$k]);
                }
            } else {
                $decoded = array();
            }

            $deco_len = count($decoded);
            $enco_len = self::_byteLength($encoded);

            // Wandering through the strings; init
            $is_first = true;
            $bias = $this->_initial_bias;
            $idx = 0;
            $char = $this->_initial_n;

            for ($enco_idx = ($delim_pos) ? ($delim_pos + 1) : 0; $enco_idx < $enco_len; ++$deco_len) {
                for ($old_idx = $idx, $w = 1, $k = $this->_base; 1; $k += $this->_base) {
                    $digit = $this->_decodeDigit($encoded[$enco_idx++]);
                    $idx += $digit * $w;

                    $t = ($k <= $bias) ?
                        $this->_tmin :
                        (($k >= $bias + $this->_tmax) ? $this->_tmax : ($k - $bias));

                    if ($digit < $t) {
                        break;
                    }

                    $w = (int) ($w * ($this->_base - $t));
                }

                $bias = $this->_adapt($idx - $old_idx, $deco_len + 1, $is_first);
                $is_first = false;
                $char += (int) ($idx / ($deco_len + 1));
                $idx %= ($deco_len + 1);

                if ($deco_len > 0) {
                    // Make room for the decoded char
                    for ($i = $deco_len; $i > $idx; $i--) {
                        $decoded[$i] = $decoded[($i - 1)];
                    }
                }

                $decoded[$idx++] = $char;
            }

            return $this->_ucs4_to_utf8($decoded);
        }

        /**
         * Adapt the bias according to the current code point and position.
         *
         * @param int     $delta    ...
         * @param int     $npoints  ...
         * @param boolean $is_first ...
         *
         * @return int
         * @access private
         */
        private function _adapt($delta, $npoints, $is_first) {
            $delta = (int) ($is_first ? ($delta / $this->_damp) : ($delta / 2));
            $delta += (int) ($delta / $npoints);

            for ($k = 0; $delta > (($this->_base - $this->_tmin) * $this->_tmax) / 2; $k += $this->_base) {
                $delta = (int) ($delta / ($this->_base - $this->_tmin));
            }

            return (int) ($k + ($this->_base - $this->_tmin + 1) * $delta / ($delta + $this->_skew));
        }

        /**
         * Encoding a certain digit.
         *
         * @param int $d One digit to encode
         *
         * @return char  Encoded digit
         * @access private
         */
        private function _encodeDigit($d) {
            return chr($d + 22 + 75 * ($d < 26));
        }

        /**
         * Decode a certain digit.
         *
         * @param char $cp One digit (character) to decode
         *
         * @return int     Decoded digit
         * @access private
         */
        private function _decodeDigit($cp) {
            $cp = ord($cp);
            return ($cp - 48 < 10) ? $cp - 22 : (($cp - 65 < 26) ? $cp - 65 : (($cp - 97 < 26) ? $cp - 97 : $this->_base));
        }

        /**
         * Do Nameprep according to RFC3491 and RFC3454.
         *
         * @param array $input Unicode Characters
         *
         * @return string      Unicode Characters, Nameprep'd
         * @throws Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep
         * @access private
         */

        private function _nameprep($input) {
            $output = array();

            // Walking through the input array, performing the required steps on each of
            // the input chars and putting the result into the output array
            // While mapping required chars we apply the cannonical ordering

            foreach ($input as $v) {
                // Map to nothing == skip that code point
                if (in_array($v, self::$_np_map_nothing)) {
                    continue;
                }

                // Try to find prohibited input
                if (in_array($v, self::$_np_prohibit) || in_array($v, self::$_general_prohibited)) {
                    throw new Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep('Prohibited input U+' . sprintf('%08X', $v));
                }

                foreach (self::$_np_prohibit_ranges as $range) {
                    if ($range[0] <= $v && $v <= $range[1]) {
                        throw new Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep('Prohibited input U+' . sprintf('%08X', $v));
                    }
                }

                // Hangul syllable decomposition
                if (0xAC00 <= $v && $v <= 0xD7AF) {
                    foreach ($this->_hangulDecompose($v) as $out) {
                        $output[] = $out;
                    }
                } else if (($this->_version == '2003') && isset(self::$_np_replacemaps[$v])) {
                    // There's a decomposition mapping for that code point
                    // Decompositions only in version 2003 (original) of IDNA
                    foreach ($this->_applyCannonicalOrdering(self::$_np_replacemaps[$v]) as $out) {
                        $output[] = $out;
                    }
                } else {
                    $output[] = $v;
                }
            }

            // Combine code points

            $last_class = 0;
            $last_starter = 0;
            $out_len = count($output);

            for ($i = 0; $i < $out_len; ++$i) {
                $class = $this->_getCombiningClass($output[$i]);

                if ((!$last_class || $last_class != $class) && $class) {
                    // Try to match
                    $seq_len = $i - $last_starter;
                    $out = $this->_combine(array_slice($output, $last_starter, $seq_len));

                    // On match: Replace the last starter with the composed character and remove
                    // the now redundant non-starter(s)
                    if ($out) {
                        $output[$last_starter] = $out;

                        if (count($out) != $seq_len) {
                            for ($j = $i + 1; $j < $out_len; ++$j) {
                                $output[$j - 1] = $output[$j];
                            }

                            unset($output[$out_len]);
                        }

                        // Rewind the for loop by one, since there can be more possible compositions
                        $i--;
                        $out_len--;
                        $last_class = ($i == $last_starter) ? 0 : $this->_getCombiningClass($output[$i - 1]);

                        continue;
                    }
                }

                // The current class is 0
                if (!$class) {
                    $last_starter = $i;
                }

                $last_class = $class;
            }

            return $output;
        }

        /**
         * Decomposes a Hangul syllable
         * (see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/#Hangul).
         *
         * @param integer $char 32bit UCS4 code point
         *
         * @return array        Either Hangul Syllable decomposed or original 32bit
         *                      value as one value array
         * @access private
         */
        private function _hangulDecompose($char) {
            $sindex = $char - $this->_sbase;

            if ($sindex < 0 || $sindex >= $this->_scount) {
                return array($char);
            }

            $result = array();
            $T = $this->_tbase + $sindex % $this->_tcount;
            $result[] = (int) ($this->_lbase + $sindex / $this->_ncount);
            $result[] = (int) ($this->_vbase + ($sindex % $this->_ncount) / $this->_tcount);

            if ($T != $this->_tbase) {
                $result[] = $T;
            }

            return $result;
        }

        /**
         * Ccomposes a Hangul syllable
         * (see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/#Hangul).
         *
         * @param array $input Decomposed UCS4 sequence
         *
         * @return array       UCS4 sequence with syllables composed
         * @access private
         */
        private function _hangulCompose($input) {
            $inp_len = count($input);

            if (!$inp_len) {
                return array();
            }

            $result = array();
            $last = $input[0];
            $result[] = $last; // copy first char from input to output

            for ($i = 1; $i < $inp_len; ++$i) {
                $char = $input[$i];

                // Find out, wether two current characters from L and V
                $lindex = $last - $this->_lbase;

                if (0 <= $lindex && $lindex < $this->_lcount) {
                    $vindex = $char - $this->_vbase;

                    if (0 <= $vindex && $vindex < $this->_vcount) {
                        // create syllable of form LV
                        $last = ($this->_sbase + ($lindex * $this->_vcount + $vindex) * $this->_tcount);
                        $out_off = count($result) - 1;
                        $result[$out_off] = $last; // reset last
                        // discard char
                        continue;
                    }
                }

                // Find out, wether two current characters are LV and T
                $sindex = $last - $this->_sbase;

                if (0 <= $sindex && $sindex < $this->_scount && ($sindex % $this->_tcount) == 0) {
                    $tindex = $char - $this->_tbase;

                    if (0 <= $tindex && $tindex <= $this->_tcount) {
                        // create syllable of form LVT
                        $last += $tindex;
                        $out_off = count($result) - 1;
                        $result[$out_off] = $last; // reset last
                        // discard char
                        continue;
                    }
                }

                // if neither case was true, just add the character
                $last = $char;
                $result[] = $char;
            }

            return $result;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the combining class of a certain wide char.
         *
         * @param integer $char Wide char to check (32bit integer)
         *
         * @return integer      Combining class if found, else 0
         * @access private
         */
        private function _getCombiningClass($char) {
            return isset(self::$_np_norm_combcls[$char]) ? self::$_np_norm_combcls[$char] : 0;
        }

        /**
         * Apllies the cannonical ordering of a decomposed UCS4 sequence.
         *
         * @param array $input Decomposed UCS4 sequence
         *
         * @return array       Ordered USC4 sequence
         * @access private
         */
        private function _applyCannonicalOrdering($input) {
            $swap = true;
            $size = count($input);

            while ($swap) {
                $swap = false;
                $last = $this->_getCombiningClass($input[0]);

                for ($i = 0; $i < $size - 1; ++$i) {
                    $next = $this->_getCombiningClass($input[$i + 1]);

                    if ($next != 0 && $last > $next) {
                        // Move item leftward until it fits
                        for ($j = $i + 1; $j > 0; --$j) {
                            if ($this->_getCombiningClass($input[$j - 1]) <= $next) {
                                break;
                            }

                            $t = $input[$j];
                            $input[$j] = $input[$j - 1];
                            $input[$j - 1] = $t;
                            $swap = 1;
                        }

                        // Reentering the loop looking at the old character again
                        $next = $last;
                    }

                    $last = $next;
                }
            }

            return $input;
        }

        /**
         * Do composition of a sequence of starter and non-starter.
         *
         * @param array $input UCS4 Decomposed sequence
         *
         * @return array       Ordered USC4 sequence
         * @access private
         */
        private function _combine($input) {
            $inp_len = count($input);

            // Is it a Hangul syllable?
            if (1 != $inp_len) {
                $hangul = $this->_hangulCompose($input);

                // This place is probably wrong
                if (count($hangul) != $inp_len) {
                    return $hangul;
                }
            }

            foreach (self::$_np_replacemaps as $np_src => $np_target) {
                if ($np_target[0] != $input[0]) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (count($np_target) != $inp_len) {
                    continue;
                }

                $hit = false;

                foreach ($input as $k2 => $v2) {
                    if ($v2 == $np_target[$k2]) {
                        $hit = true;
                    } else {
                        $hit = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                if ($hit) {
                    return $np_src;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        /**
         * This converts an UTF-8 encoded string to its UCS-4 (array) representation
         * By talking about UCS-4 we mean arrays of 32bit integers representing
         * each of the "chars". This is due to PHP not being able to handle strings with
         * bit depth different from 8. This applies to the reverse method _ucs4_to_utf8(), too.
         * The following UTF-8 encodings are supported:
         *
         * bytes bits  representation
         * 1        7  0xxxxxxx
         * 2       11  110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
         * 3       16  1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
         * 4       21  11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
         * 5       26  111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
         * 6       31  1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
         *
         * Each x represents a bit that can be used to store character data.
         *
         * @param string $input utf8-encoded string
         *
         * @return array        ucs4-encoded array
         * @throws Exception
         * @access private
         */
        private function _utf8_to_ucs4($input) {
            $output = array();
            $out_len = 0;
            $inp_len = self::_byteLength($input, '8bit');
            $mode = 'next';
            $test = 'none';
            for ($k = 0; $k < $inp_len; ++$k) {
                $v = ord($input[$k]); // Extract byte from input string

                if ($v < 128) { // We found an ASCII char - put into stirng as is
                    $output[$out_len] = $v;
                    ++$out_len;
                    if ('add' == $mode) {
                        throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UTF-8 to UCS-4 failed: malformed input at byte ' . $k);
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                if ('next' == $mode) { // Try to find the next start byte; determine the width of the Unicode char
                    $start_byte = $v;
                    $mode = 'add';
                    $test = 'range';
                    if ($v >> 5 == 6) { // &110xxxxx 10xxxxx
                        $next_byte = 0; // Tells, how many times subsequent bitmasks must rotate 6bits to the left
                        $v = ($v - 192) << 6;
                    } elseif ($v >> 4 == 14) { // &1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                        $next_byte = 1;
                        $v = ($v - 224) << 12;
                    } elseif ($v >> 3 == 30) { // &11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                        $next_byte = 2;
                        $v = ($v - 240) << 18;
                    } elseif ($v >> 2 == 62) { // &111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                        $next_byte = 3;
                        $v = ($v - 248) << 24;
                    } elseif ($v >> 1 == 126) { // &1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                        $next_byte = 4;
                        $v = ($v - 252) << 30;
                    } else {
                        throw new UnexpectedValueException('This might be UTF-8, but I don\'t understand it at byte ' . $k);
                    }
                    if ('add' == $mode) {
                        $output[$out_len] = (int) $v;
                        ++$out_len;
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                if ('add' == $mode) {
                    if (!$this->_allow_overlong && $test == 'range') {
                        $test = 'none';
                        if (($v < 0xA0 && $start_byte == 0xE0) || ($v < 0x90 && $start_byte == 0xF0) || ($v > 0x8F && $start_byte == 0xF4)) {
                            throw new OutOfRangeException('Bogus UTF-8 character detected (out of legal range) at byte ' . $k);
                        }
                    }
                    if ($v >> 6 == 2) { // Bit mask must be 10xxxxxx
                        $v = ($v - 128) << ($next_byte * 6);
                        $output[($out_len - 1)] += $v;
                        --$next_byte;
                    } else {
                        throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UTF-8 to UCS-4 failed: malformed input at byte ' . $k);
                    }
                    if ($next_byte < 0) {
                        $mode = 'next';
                    }
                }
            } // for
            return $output;
        }

        /**
         * Convert UCS-4 array into UTF-8 string
         *
         * @param array $input ucs4-encoded array
         *
         * @return string      utf8-encoded string
         * @throws Exception
         * @access private
         */
        private function _ucs4_to_utf8($input) {
            $output = '';

            foreach ($input as $v) {
                // $v = ord($v);

                if ($v < 128) {
                    // 7bit are transferred literally
                    $output .= chr($v);
                } else if ($v < 1 << 11) {
                    // 2 bytes
                    $output .= chr(192 + ($v >> 6))
                        . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
                } else if ($v < 1 << 16) {
                    // 3 bytes
                    $output .= chr(224 + ($v >> 12))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
                } else if ($v < 1 << 21) {
                    // 4 bytes
                    $output .= chr(240 + ($v >> 18))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
                } else if ($v < 1 << 26) {
                    // 5 bytes
                    $output .= chr(248 + ($v >> 24))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 18) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
                } else if ($v < 1 << 31) {
                    // 6 bytes
                    $output .= chr(252 + ($v >> 30))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 24) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 18) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                        . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
                } else {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UCS-4 to UTF-8 failed: malformed input');
                }
            }

            return $output;
        }

        /**
         * Convert UCS-4 array into UCS-4 string
         *
         * @param array $input ucs4-encoded array
         *
         * @return string      ucs4-encoded string
         * @throws Exception
         * @access private
         */
        private function _ucs4_to_ucs4_string($input) {
            $output = '';
            // Take array values and split output to 4 bytes per value
            // The bit mask is 255, which reads &11111111
            foreach ($input as $v) {
                $output .= ($v & (255 << 24) >> 24) . ($v & (255 << 16) >> 16) . ($v & (255 << 8) >> 8) . ($v & 255);
            }
            return $output;
        }

        /**
         * Convert UCS-4 string into UCS-4 array
         *
         * @param string $input ucs4-encoded string
         *
         * @return array        ucs4-encoded array
         * @throws InvalidArgumentException
         * @access private
         */
        private function _ucs4_string_to_ucs4($input) {
            $output = array();

            $inp_len = self::_byteLength($input);
            // Input length must be dividable by 4
            if ($inp_len % 4) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Input UCS4 string is broken');
            }

            // Empty input - return empty output
            if (!$inp_len) {
                return $output;
            }

            for ($i = 0, $out_len = -1; $i < $inp_len; ++$i) {
                // Increment output position every 4 input bytes
                if (!$i % 4) {
                    $out_len++;
                    $output[$out_len] = 0;
                }
                $output[$out_len] += ord($input[$i]) << (8 * (3 - ($i % 4) ) );
            }
            return $output;
        }

        /**
         * Echo hex representation of UCS4 sequence.
         *
         * @param array   $input       UCS4 sequence
         * @param boolean $include_bit Include bitmask in output
         *
         * @return void
         * @static
         * @access private
         */
        private static function _showHex($input, $include_bit = false) {
            foreach ($input as $k => $v) {
                echo '[', $k, '] => ', sprintf('%X', $v);

                if ($include_bit) {
                    echo ' (', Net_IDNA2::_showBitmask($v), ')';
                }

                echo "\n";
            }
        }

        /**
         * Gives you a bit representation of given Byte (8 bits), Word (16 bits) or DWord (32 bits)
         * Output width is automagically determined
         *
         * @param int $octet ...
         *
         * @return string    Bitmask-representation
         * @static
         * @access private
         */
        private static function _showBitmask($octet) {
            if ($octet >= (1 << 16)) {
                $w = 31;
            } else if ($octet >= (1 << 8)) {
                $w = 15;
            } else {
                $w = 7;
            }

            $return = '';

            for ($i = $w; $i > -1; $i--) {
                $return .= ($octet & (1 << $i)) ? '1' : '0';
            }

            return $return;
        }

        /**
         * Gets the length of a string in bytes even if mbstring function
         * overloading is turned on
         *
         * @param string $string the string for which to get the length.
         *
         * @return integer the length of the string in bytes.
         *
         * @see Net_IDNA2::$_mb_string_overload
         */
        private static function _byteLength($string) {
            if (self::$_mb_string_overload) {
                return mb_strlen($string, '8bit');
            }
            return strlen((binary) $string);
        }

        // }}}}
        // {{{ factory
        /**
         * Attempts to return a concrete IDNA instance for either php4 or php5.
         *
         * @param array $params Set of paramaters
         *
         * @return Net_IDNA2
         * @access public
         */
        function getInstance($params = array()) {
            return new Net_IDNA2($params);
        }

        // }}}
        // {{{ singleton
        /**
         * Attempts to return a concrete IDNA instance for either php4 or php5,
         * only creating a new instance if no IDNA instance with the same
         * parameters currently exists.
         *
         * @param array $params Set of paramaters
         *
         * @return object Net_IDNA2
         * @access public
         */
        function singleton($params = array()) {
            static $instances;
            if (!isset($instances)) {
                $instances = array();
            }

            $signature = safe_serialize($params);
            if (!isset($instances[$signature])) {
                $instances[$signature] = Net_IDNA2::getInstance($params);
            }

            return $instances[$signature];
        }

        // }}}
    }
}
